The U.S. Department of State's Critical Language Scholarship (CLS) Program:
The CLS Program is a fully-funded intensive overseas language and cultural immersion program for U.S. undergraduate and graduate students enrolled at U.S. colleges and universities. Students spend eight to ten weeks abroad studying one of 14 critical languages: Arabic, Azerbaijani, Bangla, Chinese, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Persian, Punjabi, Russian, Swahili, Turkish, and Urdu. Most CLS languages do not require previous study of the target language.
The program includes intensive language instruction and structured cultural enrichment experiences designed to promote rapid language gains. The scholarship program includes international airfare, tuition, and all program costs, as well as meals and living accommodations (often with a host family).
Institute of International Education (IIE): The Boren Scholarship
Boren Scholarship send students who would like to study in China/Japan (or other parts of Asia). The student also needs to make a strong commitment to government service in the US and be a US citizen. If the student is a STEM student, then he/she could do a semester. It's an extremely competitive program that aims at fostering next generation's top leadership around the globe.
The Taiwan Ministry of Education (MOE) Scholarships:
The Taiwan Ministry of Education (MOE) provides outstanding American students with scholarship opportunities to study in Taiwan. Students are encouraged to take the opportunity to immerse themselves in the Taiwanese cultures and languages while pursuing further education in achieving a successful career of their lifetime.
Taiwan Scholarship for Bachelor's, Master's, or Doctoral program study.
Huayu Enrichment Scholarship (HES) for Mandarin Chinese language study.
For details on these programs, click here.